Notes for Chapter 2

Note 1:
The United States made clear in its Bottom-Up Review, released in September 1993, that approximately 100,000 U.S. troops would be maintained in Northeast Asia, including Japan.

Note 2:
The negotiations to establish an international criminal court included a proposal to establish an ad hoc committee to review the issues arising from the draft statute for the court and another proposal to decide, during the 50th session of the General Assembly in 1995, on the timing and duration of the conference to conclude a convention on the establishment of an international criminal court.

Note 3:
As of December 1994 the United States and Russia each possessed about 10,000 strategic nuclear warheads, which under the START I agreement shall be reduced to 6,000 each. (These figures are based on treaty calculations.) START II, signed by the United States and Russia in January 1993, accelerates the pace of the reductions agreed to in START I, in order to reduce the total number of warheads to one-third the current level by 2003 for each country. Another main feature of START II is an agreement on the total abolition of multiple-warhead intercontinental ballistic missiles, regarded as the biggest threat to strategic security. The entry into force of START II is conditional on the entry into force of START I, and the United States and Russia have yet to ratify START II.

Note 4:
The results of the vote on the draft resolution submitted by Japan were 163 in favor and 0 opposed, with 8 abstentions.

Note 5:
The Chemical Weapons Convention prohibits the development, production, and stockpiling of chemical weapons, stipulates the destruction of existing chemical weapons and production facilities for such weapons, and establishes a strict verification regime for the chemical industry. It also stipulates that the facilities of any state party can be inspected at any time upon request by another state party if a violation is suspected (the procedure is called a &quotchallenge inspection"). A state party possessing chemical weapons must destroy them within 10 years after the treaty enters into force.

Note 6:
Located in the Hague, the Netherlands, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons ensures implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention and provides a forum for consultation and cooperation among the treaty's state parties. The Technical Secretariat is in charge of implementing inspections in the state parties.

Note 7:
Specialized nuclear items are covered by Part 1 of the London Guideline, and nuclear-related dual-use items are covered by Part 2. The Permanent Mission of Japan to international organizations in Vienna functions as the Point of Contact for Part 2.

Note 8:
The consultations on a new forum to replace the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls are taking place among 23 countries, including former COCOM members like Japan and other cooperating countries.

Note 9:
The Plurilateral Trade Agreement included in Annex 4, one of a number of agreements and arrangements worked out during the Tokyo Round of trade talks, was discussed and revised within the framework of the Uruguay Round.

Note 10:
Local content requirements are demands made by a country that is the recipient of investment to require local procurements in conjunction with direct foreign investment.

Note 11:
The provisions governing agricultural trade mainly deal with the &quottariffication" of non-tariff measures (although exemptions from &quottariffication" are permitted for agricultural products, such as rice in Japan, that meet certain conditions) and with appropriate reductions in tariffs, domestic subsidies, and export subsidies (based both on budget figures and on volume of trade). In addition, the provisions strengthen regulations governing the banning or limiting of exports by countries exporting agricultural products.

Note 12:
According to figures released by the OECD in November 1993, world income is expected to undergo gross annual increases of $274 billion by the year 2004. (However, this estimate does not include the areas of intellectual property rights or trade in services.)

Note 13:
From December 9 to 11, the leaders of 34 North American and Latin American countries, excluding Cuba, gathered in Miami, Florida, in the United States to discuss the strengthening of democracy, economic unity, and social development.

Note 14:
The Development Assistance Committee, or DAC, is a committee established within the OECD to discuss and study all issues related to development assistance.

Note 15:
The ratio of general untied aid provided by Japan in 1993 was 83.9% for overall bilateral assistance and 97.4% for ODA loans (excluding assistance to Eastern Europe).

Note 16:
The following is an outline of the Fifth Medium-Term Target for ODA:

Note 17:
The ODA Charter was adopted in June 1992 by the Government, delineating the philosophy, principles, and priority issues of Japan's ODA. The basic philosophy of the ODA Charter calls for humanitarian consideration, recognition of interdependence, environmental protection, and support for self-reliance efforts. In the implementation of ODA, four principles are applied: (1) Environmental protection and development should exist in tandem; (2) The use of ODA for military purposes or for the furtherance of international conflicts is to be avoided; (3) Full attention must be paid to such trends as military expenditures, the development and production of weapons of mass destruction, and exports and imports of arms, to determine the appropriate allocation of recipient countries' resources; (4) Full attention must be paid to democratization efforts, efforts to introduce market economy, and basic human rights and freedoms in recipient countries.

Note 18:
A balance among three categories of assistance connotes (1) a balance between traditional areas of assistance (such as providing infrastructure and addressing basic human needs) and newly emerging areas of assistance (such global issues as the environment and population problems); (2) a balance between large-scale projects and small-scale, grassroots-level projects; and (3) a balance between &quothardware" type assistance mainly consisting of the provision of goods and &quotsoftware" type assistance mainly concerned with human resource development and institution-building.

Note 19:
The JET project invites young people from overseas to Japan, generally for one-year periods, to engage in foreign language education, sports training, and international exchange activities in public junior and senior high schools and local governments all over Japan. In 1994 approximately 4,200 people from 11 countries (mainly from English-speaking areas) were invited.

Note 20:
The Japan Study Tour Program for Youth invites young people from all over the world to Japan for two weeks to participate in programs such as tours within Japan, exchanges with Japanese young people, and home stays, for the purpose of promoting greater understanding of Japan. In 1994 approximately 600 people were invited.

Note 21:
The Japan Foundation is a corporation supervised by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs that plays the role of a central organization for the implementation of international cultural exchanges.

---

Back to Index