Official Development Assistance (ODA)

Chapter 2 Japan's Official Development Assistance in 1998

Section 3 Largest Recipient Nations

Chart 44 Major Recipient Countries of Japan's Bilateral ODA

(Net disbursement basis; $ million)

Rank	1996		1997		1998
Rank	Country	Amount	Country	Amount	Country	Amount
1	Indonesia	965.53	China	576.86	China	1,158.16
2	China	861.73	Indonesia	496.86	Indonesia	828.47
3	Thailand	664.00	India	491.80	Thailand	558.42
4	India	579.26	Thailand	468.26	India	504.95
5	Philippines	414.45	Philippines	318.98	Pakistan	491.54
6	Pakistan	282.20	Viet Nam	232.48	Viet Nam	388.61
7	Mexico	212.84	Jordan	139.63	Philippines	297.55
8	Egypt	201.32	Sri Lanka	134.56	Sri Lanka	197.85
9	Bangladesh	174.03	Bangladesh	129.98	Bangladesh	189.05
10	Sri Lanka	173.94	Egypt	125.40	Malaysia	179.10
	Total above 10	4,529.30	Total above 10	3,114.82	Total above 10	4,793.70
	Bilateral Aid Total	8,356.26	Bilateral Aid Total	6,612.59	Bilateral Aid Total	8,605.90

Note:: As the figures in the table are rounded off, they do not necessarily add up to the totals.

Chart 45 Major Recipients of Japan's Bilateral Assistance by Aid Type (1998)

(Net disbursement basis: $ million, %)

Grant aid
Rank	Country/ Territory	Amount	Share
1	Bangladesh	216.35	9.98
2	Indonesia	114.59	5.29
3	Tanzania	81.05	3.74
4	Philippines	78.34	3.61
5	Laos	61.61	2.84
6	Cambodia	58.35	2.69
7	Viet Nam	55.46	2.56
8	Bosnia and Herzegovina	54.20	2.50
9	Pakistan	53.47	2.47
10	Sri Lanka	52.06	2.40
Total aid for 10 countries		825.49	38.08
11	Yemen	50.44	2.33
12	Myanmar	47.01	2.17
13	Peru	45.83	2.11
14	Madagascar	43.29	2.00
15	Guinea	42.35	1.95
16	Egypt	41.84	1.93
17	Malawi	41.37	1.91
18	Palestinian Administered Areas	41.10	1.90
19	Ghana	39.25	1.81
20	China	38.22	1.76
Total aid for 20 countries		1,256.19	57.95
21	Mongolia	38.22	1.76
22	Mozambique	37.63	1.74
23	Nepal	35.79	1.65
24	Côte d'Ivoire	33.42	1.54
25	Senegal	25.67	1.18
26	Bolivia	25.18	1.16
27	Mali	24.31	1.12
28	India	23.10	1.07
29	Zambia	22.97	1.06
30	Mauritania	22.01	1.02
Total aid for 30 countries		1,544.49	71.25
Bilateral aid total		2,167.60	100.00

Technical cooperation
Rank	Country/ Territory	Amount	Share
1	China	301.62	10.84
2	Indonesia	123.99	4.46
3	Thailand	121.74	4.38
4	Republic of Korea	96.39	3.47
5	Philippines	80.68	2.90
6	Malaysia	59.53	2.14
7	Brazil	53.02	1.91
8	Viet Nam	45.98	1.65
9	Kenya	31.94	1.15
10	Mexico	29.20	1.05
Total aid for 10 countries		944.08	33.94
11	Sri Lanka	24.32	0.87
12	Paraguay	23.69	0.85
13	Egypt	23.20	0.83
14	Cambodia	23.05	0.83
15	Bangladesh	22.83	0.82
16	Tanzania	21.81	0.78
17	Nepal	21.49	0.77
18	Mongolia	21.30	0.77
19	Laos	20.90	0.75
20	India	20.51	0.74
Total aid for 20 countries		1,167.18	41.96
21	Argentina	19.11	0.69
22	Bolivia	18.99	0.68
23	Turkey	17.05	0.61
24	Chile	16.88	0.61
25	Syria	16.20	0.58
26	Ghana	15.42	0.55
27	Pakistan	13.61	0.49
28	Zambia	13.12	0.47
29	Malawi	12.30	0.44
30	Peru	12.15	0.44
Total aid for 30 countries		1,322.00	47.52
Bilateral aid total		2,781.76	100.00

ODA Loans
Rank	Country/ Territory	Amount	Share
1	China	818.33	22.38
2	Indonesia	589.88	16.13
3	India	461.33	12.62
4	Pakistan	424.46	11.61
5	Thailand	418.12	11.43
6	Viet Nam	287.18	7.85
7	Philippines	138.54	3.79
8	Sri Lanka	121.47	3.32
9	Malaysia	115.65	3.16
10	Ghana	94.33	2.58
Total aid for 10 countries		3,469.28	94.88
11	Uzbekistan	89.59	2.45
12	Kazakhstan	82.96	2.27
13	Brazil	51.53	1.41
14	Iran	41.29	1.13
15	Mongolia	34.48	0.94
16	Botswana	29.21	0.80
17	Equador	23.14	0.63
18	Peru	22.16	0.61
19	Colombia	20.97	0.57
20	Egypt	20.22	0.55
Total aid for 20 countries		3,884.82	106.24
21	El Salvador	19.46	0.53
22	Papua New Guinea	18.44	0.50
23	Syria	17.98	0.49
24	Kyrgyz	17.07	0.47
25	Morocco	16.71	0.46
26	Tunisia	15.49	0.42
27	Chile	14.96	0.41
28	Jordan	14.75	0.40
29	Benin	14.37	0.39
30	Guatemala	14.26	0.39
Total aid for 30 countries		4,048.32	110.71
Bilateral aid total		3,656.54	100.00

Total of bilateral aid
Rank	Country/ Territory	Amount	Share
1	China	1,158.16	13.46
2	Indonesia	828.47	9.63
3	Thailand	558.42	6.49
4	India	504.95	5.87
5	Pakistan	491.54	5.71
6	Viet Nam	388.61	4.52
7	Philippines	297.55	3.46
8	Sri Lanka	197.85	2.30
9	Bangladesh	189.05	2.20
10	Malaysia	179.10	2.08
Total aid for 10 countries		4,793.70	55.70
11	Ghana	149.00	1.73
12	Brazil	104.55	1.21
13	Uzbekistan	103.00	1.20
14	Kazakhstan	95.21	1.11
15	Mongolia	93.99	1.09
16	Laos	85.57	0.99
17	Egypt	85.25	0.99
18	Tanzania	83.37	0.97
19	Cambodia	81.40	0.95
20	Peru	80.14	0.93
Total aid for 20 countries		5,755.17	66.87
21	Yemen	62.37	0.72
22	Bosnia and Herzegovina	57.29	0.67
23	Nepal	56.88	0.66
24	Kenya	52.59	0.61
25	Madagascar	51.96	0.60
26	Syria	50.02	0.58
27	Equador	49.41	0.57
28	Iran	48.13	0.56
29	Malawi	47.41	0.55
30	Papua New Guinea	47.27	0.55
Total aid for 30 countries		6,278.51	72.96
Bilateral aid total		8,605.90	100.00

Note:: Bilateral aid total for developing countries includes aid for Part II (Aid to Countries and Territories in Transition).
As the figures in the table are rounded off, they do not necessarily add up to the totals.

Chart 46 List of Countries to Which Japan is the Top Donor

(Net disbursement basis: $ million, %)

1993	Amount	Share	1994	Amount	Share	1995	Amount	Share	1996	Amount	Share	1997	Amount	Share
Bahrain	0.94	50.3	Bahrain	1.22	72.6	Argentina	41.7	37.9	Bahrain	1.1	64.7	Argentina	22.8	40.1
Bangladesh	185.04	27.7	Bangladesh	227.60	27.0	Bahrain	1.3	72.2	Bangladesh	174.0	27.0	Bahrain	1.1	68.8
Bhutan	20.56	47.3	Bhutan	27.54	48.1	Bangladesh	254.9	35.8	Benin	44.7	27.1	Bangladesh	130.0	24.1
Brazil	79.37	53.7	Brazil	89.37	44.2	Bhutan	21.9	39.7	Bhutan	11.6	27.6	Bhutan	16.2	36.0
Brunei	4.52	90.9	Brunei	4.76	91.0	Bolivia	93.3	19.6	Botswana	18.0	26.5	Botswana	9.8	17.6
Cambodia	61.34	31.1	Cambodia	64.52	35.7	Brazil	100.5	49.4	Brazil	65.5	34.3	Brazil	61.8	32.0
China	1350.67	60.2	China	1479.42	61.8	Brunei	4.1	97.6	Cambodia	71.3	28.2	Cambodia	61.6	27.3
Dominican Republic	15.63	n.a.	Colombia	18.73	28.4	Cambodia	152.0	44.6	Chile	52.9	29.0	Chile	43.2	38.2
Fiji	20.30	40.3	Costa Rica	17.07	24.0	Chile	62.8	44.2	China	861.7	51.6	China	576.9	47.0
Gambia	12.73	25.5	Dominica	3.48	37.5	China	1380.2	54.5	Colombia	36.6	22.9	Dominican Republic	17.3	55.3
Ghana	83.06	26.9	Dominican Republic	10.43	29.1	Colombia	34.6	21.6	Dominican Republic	20.0	34.9	Equador	25.6	18.3
India	295.94	35.9	Gambia	11.50	30.1	Dominica	7.5	78.9	Fiji	18.6	45.7	Fiji	16.9	43.2
Indonesia	1148.89	60.1	Ghana	134.75	40.6	Dominican Republic	56.6	69.7	Ghana	110.0	31.5	Ghana	70.2	24.0
Kenya	141.66	33.1	Honduras	45.61	25.6	Ecuador	37.0	23.4	Grenada	3.3	56.9	Grenada	2.7	71.1
Kiribati	5.35	47.7	India	886.52	64.3	Fiji	13.9	35.7	Guatemala	44.6	31.6	Guatemala	49.8	23.5
Laos	40.43	44.0	Indonesia	886.17	56.9	Ghana	122.1	34.1	Honduras	63.8	41.1	Honduras	42.0	27.1
Maldives	10.71	54.1	Jordan	106.68	46.5	Grenada	3.4	60.7	India	579.3	56.5	India	491.8	53.0
Mongolia	57.53	70.2	Kenya	128.93	32.2	Guatemala	37.1	23.0	Indonesia	965.5	90.9	Indonesia	496.9	62.9
Myanmar	68.61	88.7	Kyrgyz	44.49	51.2	Honduras	74.8	32.1	Jamaica	12.4	n.a.	Iran	70.3	42.6
Nepal	110.89	45.2	Laos	60.71	49.1	India	506.4	48.2	Jordan	123.7	38.1	Jamaica	15.5	n.a.
Nicaragua	41.25	15.4	Malawi	100.25	39.9	Indonesia	892.4	68.5	Kenya	92.8	26.8	Jordan	139.6	48.5
Pakistan	188.49	38.4	Maldives	12.86	68.4	Jordan	184.2	47.0	Kyrgyz	44.3	44.6	Kazakhstan	43.1	46.0
Paraguay	78.48	83.5	Mexico	183.09	46.1	Kenya	198.4	43.3	Laos	57.4	38.9	Kenya	68.8	22.9
Philippines	758.39	56.8	Mongolia	71.08	65.8	Kiribati	4.2	36.8	Maldives	10.1	61.2	Kiribati	6.7	47.2
Saudi Arabia	15.47	72.0	Myanmar	133.81	93.7	Kyrgyz	45.8	47.3	Mexico	212.8	77.6	Kyrgyz	18.1	35.9
Singapore	18.16	81.5	Nepal	118.75	44.4	Laos	97.6	57.4	Mongolia	103.8	76.2	Laos	78.6	47.7
Solomon Islands	26.35	56.7	Pakistan	271.04	53.3	Malaysia	64.8	60.7	Myanmar	35.2	77.7	Macedonia	10.0	33.1
Sri Lanka	147.20	54.0	Panama	18.60	59.7	Maldives	18.6	61.2	Nepal	88.8	37.6	Malawi	35.1	20.2
Syria	76.25	67.2	Paraguay	70.31	83.2	Mexico	288.3	79.0	Oman	9.9	63.5	Maldives	11.9	70.4
Thailand	350.15	62.2	Philippines	591.60	62.8	Mongolia	99.9	78.7	Pakistan	282.2	83.3	Mauritania	35.5	37.2
Tonga	12.10	50.0	Saint Vincent	3.31	50.4	Myanmar	114.2	90.5	Panama	37.7	78.7	Mexico	41.4	46.7
Trinidad and Tobago	1.12	n.a.	Saudi Arabia	8.13	58.2	Nepal	127.6	48.0	Paraguay	41.2	65.8	Mongolia	78.0	66.0
U.A. Emirates	1.61	n.a.	Sierra Leone	10.68	19.1	Oman	9.5	79.8	Peru	56.4	20.3	Myanmar	14.8	62.7
Western Samoa	15.78	52.8	Singapore	13.56	91.0	Pakistan	241.0	66.9	Philippines	414.5	55.4	Nepal	86.1	36.9
			Solomon Islands	15.98	40.5	Panama	15.1	45.2	Saint Vincent	3.4	72.3	Nicaragua	49.0	19.0
			Sri Lanka	213.75	64.0	Paraguay	77.6	73.3	Saudi Arabia	9.9	78.6	Pakistan	92.2	n.a.
			Syria	330.03	91.3	Philippines	416.1	55.6	Solomon Islands	18.2	54.3	Panama	42.6	99.8
			Tanzania	104.76	18.4	Republic of Korea	64.2	n.a.	Sri Lanka	173.9	62.3	Paraguay	31.4	44.8
			Thailand	382.55	70.4	Saint Vincent	5.5	87.3	Syria	34.9	49.7	Philippines	319.0	56.2
			Tonga	8.70	39.7	Saudi Arabia	8.3	57.2	Tanzania	105.7	17.5	Saint Vincent	4.4	81.5
			Trinidad and Tobago	2.24	n.a.	Seychelles	5.5	50.0	Thailand	664.0	82.7	Samoa	10.1	37.8
			U.A. Emirates	2.36	n.a.	Singapore	13.5	97.1	Tonga	11.5	43.1	Solomon Islands	21.0	58.2
			Vanuatu	11.55	30.0	Solomon Islands	17.1	46.8	Trinidad and Tobago	1.8	n.a.	Sri Lanka	134.6	59.0
			Venezuela	6.30	28.9	Sri Lanka	263.7	70.5	Tuvalu	4.6	50.0	Swaziland	9.3	57.1
			Western Samoa	22.73	59.7	Syria	122.3	77.0	Viet Nam	120.9	25.8	Syria	66.3	71.3
			Zambia	106.31	24.5	Tanzania	124.3	21.2	Western Samoa	14.3	46.3	Thailand	468.3	77.9
						Thailand	667.4	80.7	Zimbabwe	46.7	16.6	Tonga	8.0	35.7
						Tonga	14.4	50.0				Trinidad and Tobago	2.0	n.a.
						Trinidad and Tobago	1.3	n.a.				Turkmenistan	0.8	36.4
						U.A. Emirates	2.5	52.1				Tuvalu	6.7	71.3
						Vanuatu	12.8	32.3				Uruguay	11.6	39.3
						Viet Nam	170.2	31.0				Uzbekistan	83.2	75.0
						Western Samoa	14.6	46.6				Venezuela	5.9	n.a.
						Zambia	78.5	17.9				Viet Nam	232.5	39.7
						Zimbabwe	65.6	18.9				Zimbabwe	38.7	17.4
34 countries			46 countries			55 countries			47 countries			55 countries

Source:: DAC 1998 Geographical Distribution.
Notes:: (1) Excludes "territories" such as Macao and Hong Kong.; (2) "n.a." means the share cannot be calculated because the total aid of DAC countries to the given country is negligible.; (3) Excludes assistance to Part II.
Reference:: Japan was the second largest donor to the following countries (1997):
Malta, Tunisia, Central African Republic, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Mauritius, Eritrea, Jibuthi, Togo, El Salvador, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, the Commonwealth of Dominica, Saint Lucia, Bolivia, Colombia, Surinam, Azerbaidzjan, Palestinian Administered Areas, Oman, Nauru, Palau, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, and Papua New Guinea (25 countries).

Section 4 Breakdown by Income Group (DAC categories)

Chart 47 Japan's Bilateral ODA Allocated by Income Groups

(Net disbursement basis; $ million, %)

Income group	1996	1997	1998
LLDC ¹	1,177.7 (14.3)	987.3 (15.1)	1,129.9 (13.2)
LICs ²	2,708.1 (33.0)	2,023.8 (30.9)	3,291.6 (38.5)
LMICs ³	3,215.0 (39.2)	2,418.5 (36.9)	2,710.1 (31.7)
UMICs ⁴	-85.7 (-)	-34.6 (-)	353.2 (4.1)
HICs ⁵	-121.6 (-)	-140.3 (-)	-48.8 (-)
Unallocable	1,313.8 (16.0)	1,297.5 (19.8)	1,117.0 (13.1)
Total bilateral ODA	8,207.2 (100.0)	6,552.2 (100.0)	8,553.1 (100.0)

(Excluding aid to Part II)

1. Least among Less Developed Countries (in recent years, UN documents have normally referred to these countries as Least Developed Countries). Signifies countries that are at an especially early stage of development, even among developing countries. Defined by the United Nations Committee for Development Planning (CDP) as countries that meet either condition I or II below. Condition I is reserved for cases that the CDP judges appropriate in light of the country's natural endowment index, exports of petroleum as a percentage of total exports, and ODA as a percentage of GNP. Condition II applies only to countries that are land-locked, small countries with a population of one million or less, or countries that suffer from severe climactic risks, such as drought, floods, and typhoons.

	Per capita GDP	Population	APQLI*	EDI*
I	699 dollars or less	75 million or less	47 or less	26 or less
II	699 dollars or less	75 million or less	Satisfies either of the above (APQLI of 47 or less, or EDI of 26 or less)

The number of LLDCs was 48 as of 1994.

* Augmented Physical Quality of Life Index: Numeric indicator of a country's level of human resource development, comprising life expectancy at birth, per capita calorie intake, combined primary and secondary school enrollment ratio, and adult literacy rate.
* Economic Diversification Index: Numeric indicator of a country's economic structural weakness. Factors consist of the share of manufacturing to total GDP, percentage of labor force employed in the industrial and service sectors, per capita electricity consumption, and level of dependence on exports of specific commodities.

In 1997, the qualification for LICs, LMICs, UMICs and HICs was as follows (from the 1997 World Bank Atlas):

2. Low Income Countries

Countries or territories with an average GNP per capita in 1995 of less than $766. LLDCs are excluded from this table.
24 countries/territories in 1998.

3. Lower Middle Income Countries

Countries or territories whose average GNP per capita in 1995 exceeded $766 but was less than $3,036.
49 countries/territories in 1998.

4. Upper Middle Income Countries

Countries or territories whose average GNP per capita in 1995 exceeded $3,036 but was less than $9,386.
26 countries/territories in 1998.

5. High Income Countries

Countries or territories whose average GNP per capita exceeded $9,386.
4 countries/territories in 1998.
This category applies to countries concerned starting in 1992.

Chart 48 Japan's Economic Cooperation to LLDCs

(1) Portion of Total Bilateral ODA Allotted to LLDCs

Chart_48a

(2) Portion of Bilateral ODA Represented by Grants

Chart_48b

Note:: Grant share calculation formula: Total grants/Total bilateral ODA x 100%. Where the payback portion on government lending and other funds provided is greater than these funds, the grant share exceeds 100 percent.

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Official Development Assistance (ODA) Chapter 2 Japan's Official Development Assistance in 1998