Social Security in Japan

In this paper social security is defined according to the ILO's definition. Therefore, social security includes not only income security but also health service benefits and personal social service benefits. Social security benefits mean social security payments both in cash and in kind. Social security costs include administration costs and the balance of social security funds.

Social security benefits do not include administration costs.

Here net wages mean wages minus public pension contributions.

Bonus and over time work payment are not included. Upper limit of the object of social insurance premium is set.

As Professor Olsson Hort suggests in his paper, social welfare policy in Sweden has considered the productive aspects of social welfare policy.

Economists of Public Choice Economics have pointed out many examples of political failure.

See, for Example, Prime Minister's Pulic Relations Office, Opinion Survey on the Living of the Elderly, 1993. The survey shows that the largest items of anxiety of the elderly are when he or she and his or her spouse needs care for sickness and nursing.

New classical life-cycle model usually assumes that as long as the rate of economic growth is larger than the interest rate, the distribution from working period to retired period is efficient (Bernhard, 1993).