Higher Education Entry Rates

Table 1: Higher Education Entry Rates
	Percentage entering secondary school (%)			Percentage entering junior college (%)			Percentage entering university (%)
	Total	Female	Male	Total	Female	Male	Total	Female	Male
1965	70.7	69.6	71.7	4.1	6.7	1.7	12.8	4.6	20.7
1970	82.1	82.7	81.6	6.5	11.2	2.0	17.1	6.5	27.3
1975	91.9	93.0	91.0	11.0	19.9	2.6	26.7	12.5	40.4
1980	94.2	95.4	93.1	11.3	21.0	2.0	26.1	12.3	39.3
1985	93.8	94.9	92.8	11.1	20.8	2.0	26.5	13.7	38.6
1990	94.4	95.6	93.2	11.7	22.2	1.7	24.6	15.2	33.4
1991	94.6	95.8	93.5	12.2	23.1	1.8	25.5	16.1	34.5
1992	95.0	96.2	93.9	12.4	23.5	1.8	26.4	17.3	35.2
1993	95.3	96.5	94.2	12.9	24.4	1.9	28.0	19.0	36.6
1994	95.7	96.8	94.6	13.2	24.9	2.0	30.1	21.0	38.9

Source: Ministry of Education, Basic Statistical Survey on Schools.

Table 2: Female Employees by Profession
Profession	Percentage of female employees--as part of total female working population (%)			Percentage of female employees--as part of total male and female working population (%)
Profession	1975	1990	1994	1975	1990	1994
Professional and technical workers	11.6	13.8	14.7	44.4	42.6	44.1
Managers and officials	0.9	1.0	1.0	5.4	7.7	8.7
Clerical and related workers	32.2	34.4	34.3	48.5	58.0	59.1
Sales workers	11.1	12.5	12.5	30.2	33.8	34.9
Farm, lumber, and fishing industry workers	0.8	0.6	0.6	22.0	28.2	30.8
Mining workers	-	-	-	-	-	-
Communications and transport workers	1.5	0.5	0.6	7.7	4.2	5.5
Craft and production process workers	24.6	20.6	18.4	23.6	28.2	26.6
Laborers	3.7	5.6	5.9	32.6	41.6	42.5
Protective service workers and service workers	13.7	10.7	11.8	50.8	51.3	52.5
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	32.0	37.9	38.8

Source: Bureau of Statistics, Management and Coordination Agency, Labor Force Survey.

Table 3: Reasons Why There Are Few or No Women Managers
(multiple answers)
There are no women with the necessary knowledge, experience, or judgment	48.1%
There are women with the capacity to become managers in the future, but they have not yet worked a sufficient number of years	30.4%
Women workers tend to work fewer years than men and retire before they can become managers	35.2%
A lot of overtime is involved or there is night work	8.5%
Business trips are required, or nationwide transfers take place	4.3%
Customers dislike women in managerial positions	0.9%
Women are not assigned to managerial positions because of family responsibilities	11.6%
The work is hard and unsuited for women	5.2%
Women have not asked to become managers	15.3%
Other	7.2%

Source: Ministry of Labor, Survey on Women Workers' Employment Management 1992.